Yoga
A Sanskrit word, derived from the root yuj (“join,” “unite,” “fix the mind on.” etc.), meaning, among other things, “union” and, by extension, the discipline leading to union with one’s higher Self or the Divine. It is cognate with the English word “yoke.” It entered the English language about 1820 and is now popularly associated in the West with the discipline involving various bodily postures called HAṬHA YOGA. However, there are several quite different systems of yoga:
- 1. Rāja Yoga, the “kingly” discipline which is based on the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali and involves a type of meditation designed to control the movements (vṛttis) of the mind (citta) and realization of the Self.
- 2. Jñāna Yoga, a discipline which focuses on analysis of the constituents of the world and oneself, such as is described in chapters 13-17 of the Bhagavad-Gītā. The word jñāna means “knowledge.”
- 3. Karma Yoga, a discipline which emphasizes action (karma) with renunciation of any desire to see the results (phala, lit. “fruit”), work without attachment; this is described in chapters 2-7 of the Bhagavad-Gītā.
- 4. Bhakti Yoga, a discipline which focuses on total devotion to the Divine, such as is described by Śri RAMAKRISHNA or chapters 9-12 of the Bhagavad-Gītā.
- 5. Japa Yoga, a practice that uses repetition of a mantra, such as a spiritual passage or the name of a deity. It is sometimes used as an adjunct to Bhakti Yoga. The word japa literally means “muttering” in Sanskrit.
- 6. Ha˜ha Yoga, a practice in involving a variety of bodily postures (āsanas) said to enhance both health and Self-realization. It, too, is often used as an adjunct to other forms of yoga. The word haṭha literally means “force,” “persistence,” “oppression,” etc. in Sanskrit.
- 7. Kuṇḍalinī Yoga, a technique which is designed to raise the Kuṇḍalinī (Sk. “serpentine”) energy said normally to lie dormant at the base of the spine. Its awakening vivifies the chakra centers in one’s body, enabling one to attain certain psychic powers (siddhis) and, eventually, Self-realization.
Yoga permeates all the religious and mystical philosophies of India. Although it has mutated from its original form, its essential theme and objective as enshrined in the teaching of Patañjali have remained intact: the union of individual consciousness with the Divine.
Helena P. BLAVATSKY offers an interesting definition of yoga in the first issue of the magazine The Theosophist where she writes, “The whole object of the Hindu yoga is to bring into activity his interior power, to make himself ruler over physical self and over everything else besides. That the developed yogi can influence, sometimes control, the operations of vegetable and animal life, proves that the soul within his body has an intimate relationship with the soul of all other things” (pp. 29-30). This is a deceptively simple statement which conceals a profound philosophy, namely, the essential unity of all things at a certain subtle level.
It is necessary to bear in mind that Blavatsky wrote at a time when knowledge of the various yogas was negligible in the West and that there was very little literature available in English. When asked, “Is the practice of concentration beneficent?” Blavatsky replied, “Genuine concentration and meditation, conscious and cautious, upon one’s lower self in the light of the inner divine man and the Pāramitās (highest ideals of spiritual perfection) is an excellent thing. But to ‘sit for yoga,’ with only a superficial and often distorted knowledge of the real practice, is almost invariably fatal; for ten to one the student will either develop mediumistic powers in himself or lose time and get disgusted with both practice and theory” (CW XII:603-04). It is obvious from the context that Blavatsky did not mean that the word “fatal” should be taken literally.
In her The Secret Doctrine, Blavatsky writes, “The Haṭha so called was and still is discountenanced by the Arhats. It is injurious to the health and alone can never develop into RĀJA YOGA” (I:95). Since she wrote this in 1888, there has been a very great increase in the practice of Ha˜ha Yoga in the West, with many organizations training Ha˜ha Yoga teachers to a high standard of proficiency. The beneficial results achieved have been demonstrated beyond question and many medical practitioners suggest that patients “take up yoga.” Many branches of the Theosophical Society (TS) now offer regular classes in Haṭha Yoga.
Blavatsky frequently mentions Rāja Yoga in approving terms, but does not, in her writings, go into detail regarding the teachings of Patañjali, possibly because she held to the view that a superficial treatment of the subject is undesirable and even harmful. In her Practical Occultism (TPH, Adyar, 1959 ed., pp. 8-9), she writes of, “. . . the enormous, almost limitless, responsibility assumed by the teacher for the sake of the pupil . . . from the moment they begin really to teach, from the instant they confer any power — whether psychic, mental or physical — on their pupils, they take upon themselves all the sins of that pupil, in connection with the Occult Sciences, whether of omission or commission, until the moment when initiation makes the pupil a Master and responsible in his turn” (pp. 8-9). See RĀJA YOGA; HAµHA YOGA; KARMA YOGA; JÑĀNA YOGA; MAHA YOGA.
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